Long-term unemployment is surging in the U.S. There are hidden costs for workers and the economy

The 29-year-old had been employed consistently since he was a teen, first on a factory floor and most recently in medical sales. But the St. Petersburg, Florida, resident hasn't been able to start a new gig after losing his job shortly before the 2025 Thanksgiving holiday.

Taylor has become part of a group of more than 1.8 million Americans classified as long-term unemployed — which the government defines as jobless for at least 27 weeks — in a given month this year. That figure is up about 45% from 2019 and 55% from 2023, a CNBC analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics data found.

"This can't go on much longer without some type of catastrophic change to my life," Taylor said. "That this era of my life could affect my long-term future — my family's future, my future children's future — is something that I go to sleep thinking about."

Without a steady income, Taylor's retirement planning and long-term investing strategy has come to a "screeching halt." He's significantly cut back on spending for everything from food to social experiences to make ends meet. Taylor said he's applied to around 100 jobs and has completed several interviews to no avail.

On a macro level, the growing number of Americans in this boat raises red flags about the strength of the labor market and overall economy. For the long-term unemployed, it can have ramifications on financial, emotional and family health that linger even after they reenter the workforce.

"It tells us a lot about economic health," said Cory Stahle, an economist at job site Indeed. "It tells us about how good of a job the labor market is doing at absorbing people."

The long-term unemployed account for roughly one out of every four jobless workers, according to the latest available U.S. government data. Friday's nonfarm payroll report will offer a fresh reading of the U.S. labor force's makeup. Reports released this week on job openings and private payrolls came in stronger than economists anticipated.

Long-term unemployed workers' pay was approximately 32% lower after a decade than those who had not lost work, according to a working paper from the Boston Federal Reserve. Those who were unemployed for shorter periods took a 9% cut over the same time frame.

Studies also show there may be a link between long-term unemployment and depression. A Pew Research report found that the long-term unemployed were over two times more likely to seek professional help for depression or other mental health challenges compared with those without work for under three months.

"Other than the death of a family member or a close friend, this is one of the most devastating things that people face," said Carl Van Horn, director of the Heldrich Center for Workforce Development at Rutgers University. "It's a very serious health problem and an economic problem."

Research also shows how unemployment — particularly over long stretches — can negatively impact families and communities.

Parental job loss increases the chance that their child will repeat a grade by about 15%, a working paper found. A study of Wisconsin state data found workers displaced in their prime years are less likely to participate in social and community events. Communities with a larger percentage of long-term unemployed people have a higher rate of crime and violence, the Urban Institute reported.